This can enhance overall learning, allowing learners to benefit from the merging of different types of affordances that non-digital and digital both offer, along an experiential XR continuum. Furthermore, when considered in a continuum of different types of experiences, handmade materials in XR can be fused with digital tools, complementing and merging the real and virtual around educational experiences and practice (Aguayo et al., 2020). The non-digital and handmade within XR can also provide learners with deeper and more evocative experiences with materials/materiality, and provide more connection to handmade and human centered concepts through the aesthetics of craft and artisanal processes.
Non-digital materials can engage learners in authentic and rich haptic sensory experiences in ways that digital technology currently cannot achieve in affordable and immediate ways. Despite this, within XR education, the role of the non-digital and handmade has been previously dismissed, and there has been a lack of attention paid to developing and designing the ‘real environment’ (RE) end of the reality continuum within XR (Aguayo, 2017). They can also enhance the meaningfulness of XR experiences (Sharma et al., 2017 Smith, 2018). Although digital technologies provide many unique and powerful affordances for education, the non-digital and handmade have much potential that the digital currently does not have.
These environments can be especially beneficial within learning contexts as they can connect learners and communities to locations, and provide opportunities for genuine investigations in the real world (Liu et al., 2017). XR involves the fusing of real and virtual worlds along an immersion continuum, to create integrated environments that incorporate physical and digital elements, tools, and objects (Milgram & Kishino, 1994 Speicher et al., 2019). In the past 5-10 years, there has been a move to integrate different digital and immersive learning technologies around a particular context or setting following what is known as mixed reality (MR, also known as XR).
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